The Turkish alphabet consists of 29 letters. It is a phonetic language, meaning each letter generally represents a single sound, and words are pronounced exactly as they are spelled.
A, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, J, K, L, M, N, O, Ö, P, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, Y, Z.
The Vowels (Ünlü Harfler):
Vowels are the most important part of Turkish grammar due to Vowel Harmony. There are 8 vowels:
1. Back Vowels (Kalın):
Deep sounds from the throat (Non-dotted):
A, I, O, U
2. Front Vowels (İnce):
Lighter sounds from the front of the mouth (Dotted + E):
E, İ, Ö, Ü
Special Consonants:
C: Pronounced like "J" (as in Jam).
Ç: Pronounced like "Ch" (as in Chips).
Ğ: (Soft G) It is silent or lengthens the preceding vowel.
Ş: Pronounced like "Sh" (as in Shoe).
I (Undotted): Similar to the sound in "cousin" or "the".